{"id":1249,"date":"2013-01-31T23:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-01-31T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/wordpress\/?p=1249"},"modified":"2013-01-31T23:00:00","modified_gmt":"2013-01-31T22:00:00","slug":"les-ilots-urbains-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/les-ilots-urbains-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Les \u00eelots urbains II"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"1665f18d14f35dd9e7566e1a8ac9a3e9\" data-index=\"1\" style=\"float: none; margin:10px 0 10px 0; text-align:center;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\r\n     data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-2860849627502538\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3019501113\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"528\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/les-ilots-urbains-ii\/vehicule\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/vehicule.jpg?fit=274%2C184&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"274,184\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"vehicule\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/vehicule.jpg?fit=274%2C184&amp;ssl=1\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-528\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/vehicule.jpg?w=120\" border=\"0\"  style=\"float: left;\" \/><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Une grande partie des stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o terrestres sont victimes de l\u2019effet de chaleur urbain. R\u00e9chauffement ou pas r\u00e9chauffement ?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d\u2019\u00eelot de chaleur urbain consiste essentiellement dans le fait que l\u2019on peut mesurer exp\u00e9rimentalement une diff\u00e9rence de temp\u00e9rature assez consid\u00e9rable entre la ville et sa campagne environnante.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Plusieurs facteurs sont \u00e0 l\u2019oeuvre, dont les activit\u00e9s humaines, mais aussi les \u00e9changes radiatifs entre le sol et l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Du coup, les stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o implant\u00e9s pr\u00e8s des villes ou des constructions (a\u00e9roports, autoroutes, etc.) sont affect\u00e9es d\u2019un biais dans leurs mesures qui privil\u00e9gie la hausse des temp\u00e9ratures et ce d\u2019autant plus que les cit\u00e9s humaines s\u2019\u00e9tendent au fil du temps.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Quelle cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 accorder aux mesures de ces 2 stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o fran\u00e7aises,<br \/>qui sont plac\u00e9es \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate de surfaces en b\u00e9ton ?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">La classe 2:<br \/>Idem classe 1, sauf l&rsquo;\u00e9paisseur de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation (e &lt; 25 cm), la distance des sources de chaleur (30m &lt; d&lt;100m) et l&rsquo;ombre (\u00e9l\u00e9vation &gt; 5\u00b0).<br \/>Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019un bonne station m\u00e9t\u00e9o terrestre? Un document de la NOAA le d\u00e9finit dans le standard officiel \u00ab Climate reference Network, Site information handbook \u00bb.<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/www1.ncdc.noaa.gov_pub_data_uscrn_documentation_program_X030FullDocumentD0.pdf\" style=\"background-image: none; color: #215dc6; text-decoration: underline;\">http:\/\/www1.ncdc.noaa.gov\/<\/a><br \/>5 classes (indice CRN de 1 \u00e0 5) y sont d\u00e9finies par rapport \u00e0 une station de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence id\u00e9ale d\u00e9finie ici:<br \/>La classe 1 (la meilleure):<br \/>&#8211; Sol plat (pente &lt; 19\u00b0) et d\u00e9gag\u00e9.<br \/>&#8211; V\u00e9g\u00e9tation au sol pas plus haute que 10 centim\u00e8tres.<br \/>&#8211; Pas \u00e0 moins de 100 m\u00e8tres de toute surface chauffante ou r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissante.<br \/>&#8211; Loin de surfaces d\u2019eau, sauf si elles sont naturelles et en tout cas \u00e0 au moins 100 m\u00e8tres.<br \/>&#8211; Pas d\u2019ombre pour une \u00e9l\u00e9vation du soleil sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 3\u00b0<br \/>Les classes 3, 4 et 5 donnent des erreurs de mesure de 1\u00b0C, 2\u00b0C et 5\u00b0C respectivement! Ce qui est inacceptable. Ces stations sont trop proches de sources de chaleur urbaines.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1248\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/les-ilots-urbains-ii\/laterredufutur-com_spaw_images_ilotsurbains-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/laterredufutur.com_spaw_images_ilotsurbains.jpg?fit=491%2C304&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"491,304\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"laterredufutur.com_spaw_images_ilotsurbains\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/laterredufutur.com_spaw_images_ilotsurbains.jpg?fit=491%2C304&amp;ssl=1\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1248\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/laterredufutur.com_spaw_images_ilotsurbains.jpg?w=450\" border=\"0\"  style=\"border: 0px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/laterredufutur.com_spaw_images_ilotsurbains.jpg?w=491&amp;ssl=1 491w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/laterredufutur.com_spaw_images_ilotsurbains.jpg?resize=300%2C186&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Depuis la mi-2007, sous l\u2019impulsion de M. Antony Watts, m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiste chef \u00e0 la radio KPAYAM, un groupe de b\u00e9n\u00e9voles poursuit un effort sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent dont le but est d\u2019auditer la totalit\u00e9 des stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o terrestres des USA (1221 au total).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Le processus d\u2019audit et les g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9s sont expos\u00e9s ici :<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.surfacestations.org\/\" style=\"background-image: none; color: #215dc6; text-decoration: underline;\">http:\/\/www.surfacestations.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Au 16\/07\/2009, 1003 stations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 audit\u00e9es sur 1221, soit 82%. Voici la synth\u00e8se des r\u00e9sultats par classe de stations de 1 \u00e0 5. Ils sont catastrophiques :<\/span><\/span><\/p><div class=\"1665f18d14f35dd9e7566e1a8ac9a3e9\" data-index=\"2\" style=\"float: none; margin:10px 0 10px 0; text-align:center;\">\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\r\n     data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-2860849627502538\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3019501113\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n\n<p> <script src=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script> <!-- TDF2 --> <ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 336px; height: 280px;\"><\/ins> <script type=\"text\/javascript\">\/\/ <![CDATA[ (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \/\/ ]]><\/script> <\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">On trouve 91% de stations de classe 3, 4 et 5, toutes inaptes \u00e0 mesurer des variations de temp\u00e9ratures de l\u2019ordre de celles qui sont en d\u00e9bat pour le r\u00e9chauffement climatique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Et nous sommes aux USA, pays le plus \u00e9volu\u00e9 technologiquement de la plan\u00e8te.<br \/>On signale de nombreuses stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o non conformes dans bien d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions du globe, la pression immobili\u00e8re gagnant sur des stations autrefois situ\u00e9es en campagne.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Aux USA, le Nasa-Giss effectue en principe des corrections sur les donn\u00e9es issues des stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o, pour gommer l\u2019effet de chaleur urbain. L\u2019ajustement se fait de la fa\u00e7on suivante: on compare la tendance des temp\u00e9ratures d\u2019une station m\u00e9t\u00e9o urbaine avec celle d\u2019une station m\u00e9t\u00e9o rurale proche, ceci sur un certain intervalle de temps.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Mais un audit, r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par le chercheur (sceptique) Steve McIntyre, portant sur 7364 stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o au niveau mondial, r\u00e9v\u00e8le que pour les USA, le NASA GISS a effectu\u00e9 de nombreux ajustements des temp\u00e9ratures des stations urbaines dans la mauvaise direction. Ceci dans 45% des cas. L\u2019ajustement urbain est sens\u00e9 \u00e9liminer les effets de l\u2019urbanisation, mais les ajustements mal con\u00e7us du GISS accroissent au contraire ses effets. Le r\u00e9sultat est que la tendance \u00e0 la hausse des temp\u00e9ratures de surface utilis\u00e9e par le GIEC\/IPCC est exag\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">L\u2019audit montre aussi que la correction portant sur l\u2019\u00eelot de chaleur urbain se fait sur 74% des stations us (pas toutes donc), mais sur seulement 37% des stations du reste du monde. Et que de surcro\u00eet, ces corrections ne sont pas toujours pertinentes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Aux USA, le Nasa-Giss effectue en principe des corrections sur les donn\u00e9es issues des stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o, pour gommer l\u2019effet de chaleur urbain. L\u2019ajustement se fait de la fa\u00e7on suivante: on compare la tendance des temp\u00e9ratures d\u2019une station m\u00e9t\u00e9o urbaine avec celle d\u2019une station m\u00e9t\u00e9o rurale proche, ceci sur un certain intervalle de temps. Mais s\u00fbr seulement 37% des stations du reste du monde. Et que de surcro\u00eet, ces corrections ne sont pas toujours pertinentes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Le graphe ci-contre, donne un exemple de corrections inad\u00e9quates :<br \/>Ce graphique compare les temp\u00e9ratures par comt\u00e9s, pour la Californie, de 1900 \u00e0 2000, en fonction de la population. Courbe rouge: + de 1 million d\u2019habitants ; courbe mauve : de 100 000 \u00e0 1 million; courbe verte: moins de 100 000. Sur ces courbes l\u2019effet de chaleur urbain a en principe \u00e9t\u00e9 corrig\u00e9, or il n\u2019en est rien puisque l\u2019on voit des temp\u00e9ratures corr\u00e9l\u00e9es avec le niveau de population\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Il n\u2019est de science que du mesurable. Mais que penser quand l\u2019instrument de mesure est mal utilis\u00e9? On doit donc consid\u00e9rer avec prudence les chiffres sur la valeur exacte du r\u00e9chauffement climatique au cours du si\u00e8cle \u00e9coul\u00e9. Et finalement, des valeurs de + 0,74\u00b0C de r\u00e9chauffement global (GIEC 2007), avec une fourchette officielle de 0,56-0,92 soit environ 0,2\u00b0 degr\u00e9 pr\u00e8s pr\u00eatent un peu \u00e0 sourire\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">source :\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/astrosurf.com\/\" style=\"background-image: none; color: #215dc6; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: underline;\">http:\/\/astrosurf.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"bawpvc-ajax-counter\" data-id=\"1249\">(244)<\/p>\n<!--CusAds0-->\n<div style=\"font-size: 0px; height: 0px; line-height: 0px; margin: 0; padding: 0; clear: both;\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-528\" src=\"http:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/vehicule.jpg\" border=\"0\" width=\"120\" style=\"float: left;\" \/><\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Une grande partie des stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o terrestres sont victimes de l\u2019effet de chaleur urbain. R\u00e9chauffement ou pas r\u00e9chauffement ?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d\u2019\u00eelot de chaleur urbain consiste essentiellement dans le fait que l\u2019on peut mesurer exp\u00e9rimentalement une diff\u00e9rence de temp\u00e9rature assez consid\u00e9rable entre la ville et sa campagne environnante.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-small;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; color: #000000; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":528,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[20],"tags":[1588,1584,55,169,1589,64],"class_list":["post-1249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climat","tag-activites-humaines","tag-ilots-urbains","tag-meteo","tag-rechauffement-climatique","tag-surfaces","tag-temperatures","wpcat-20-id"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/09\/vehicule.jpg?fit=274%2C184&ssl=1","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p631RN-k9","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":5729,"url":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/les-ilots-urbains-on-en-reparle\/","url_meta":{"origin":1249,"position":0},"title":"Les \u00eelots urbains, on en reparle ?","author":"Admin","date":"14 mars 2011","format":false,"excerpt":"Une grande partie des stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o terrestres sont victimes de l\u2019effet de chaleur urbain. R\u00e9chauffement ou pas r\u00e9chauffement ? Le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d\u2019\u00eelot de chaleur urbain consiste essentiellement dans le fait que l\u2019on peut mesurer exp\u00e9rimentalement une diff\u00e9rence de temp\u00e9rature assez consid\u00e9rable entre la ville et sa campagne environnante. Plusieurs facteurs\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Climat&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Climat","link":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/sujets\/climat\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/station-meteo.gif?fit=500%2C584&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":7693,"url":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/il-est-etonnant-de-mesurer-la-temperature-au-sein-des-aeroports\/","url_meta":{"origin":1249,"position":1},"title":"Il est \u00e9tonnant de mesurer la temp\u00e9rature au sein des a\u00e9roports","author":"Admin","date":"16 juillet 2015","format":false,"excerpt":"Une grande partie des stations m\u00e9t\u00e9o terrestres sont victimes de l\u2019effet de chaleur urbain et toujours mesur\u00e9s dans les a\u00e9roports. R\u00e9chauffement ou pas r\u00e9chauffement ? En 2009, des \u00e9quipes de recherche ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 les \u00ab \u00eelots de chaleur urbains \u00bb. Pour cela, ils ont utilis\u00e9 la bicyclette aux Pays-Bas, et\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Climat&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Climat","link":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/sujets\/climat\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/ilot-urbains-aeroport.jpg?fit=498%2C453&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1969,"url":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/un-gratte-ciel-fait-monter-la-temperature-a-londres\/","url_meta":{"origin":1249,"position":2},"title":"Un gratte-ciel fait monter la temp\u00e9rature \u00e0 Londres","author":"Admin","date":"29 avril 2014","format":false,"excerpt":"Un gratte-ciel en cours de construction dans le quartier d'affaire de Londres suscite la curiosit\u00e9 des passants : sa fa\u00e7ade incurv\u00e9e refl\u00e8te les rayons au point de causer des pics de chaleur impressionnants dans la rue. Une Jaguar noire a r\u00e9cemment vu sa peinture noire s'effriter ! Un immeuble peut-il\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Divers&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Divers","link":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/sujets\/divers\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5524,"url":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/les-ilots-urbains-syndrome-du-rechauffement\/","url_meta":{"origin":1249,"position":3},"title":"Les Ilots Urbains, syndrome du r\u00e9chauffement ?","author":"Admin","date":"15 septembre 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"Les \u00eelots de chaleur urbain (ICU en abr\u00e9g\u00e9) d\u00e9signent des \u00e9l\u00e9vations localis\u00e9es des temp\u00e9ratures, particuli\u00e8rement des temp\u00e9ratures maximales diurnes et nocturnes, enregistr\u00e9es en milieu urbain par rapport au zones rurales ou foresti\u00e8res voisines ou par rapport aux temp\u00e9ratures moyennes r\u00e9gionales. Au sein d'une m\u00eame ville, des diff\u00e9rences importantes de temp\u00e9rature\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Climat&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Climat","link":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/sujets\/climat\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/nord-de-paris.jpg?fit=400%2C300&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":19371,"url":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/pour-lutter-contre-les-ilots-de-chaleurs-los-angeles-peint-ses-rues-en-blanc\/","url_meta":{"origin":1249,"position":4},"title":"Pour lutter contre les \u00eelots de chaleurs, Los Angeles peint ses rues en blanc","author":"Admin","date":"11 juillet 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"la ville de Los Angeles met en oeuvre une nouvelle strat\u00e9gie assez surprenante : recouvrir ses rues d\u2019un rev\u00eatement blanc, gris\u00e2tre baptis\u00e9 CoolSeal. 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Comme la plupart des grandes villes contemporaines, Los Angeles est garnie de milliers de kilom\u00e8tres d\u2019asphalte.\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Solutions&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Solutions","link":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/sujets\/solutions\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/rue-peinte-blanche-los-angeles-3.jpg?fit=880%2C660&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/rue-peinte-blanche-los-angeles-3.jpg?fit=880%2C660&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/rue-peinte-blanche-los-angeles-3.jpg?fit=880%2C660&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/rue-peinte-blanche-los-angeles-3.jpg?fit=880%2C660&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5560,"url":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/les-ilots-urbains-sous-haute-surveillance\/","url_meta":{"origin":1249,"position":5},"title":"Les \u00eelots urbains sous haute surveillance","author":"Admin","date":"22 octobre 2010","format":false,"excerpt":"L'\u00e9t\u00e9 2009, des \u00e9quipes de recherche ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 les \"\u00eelots de chaleur urbains\". Pour cela, ils ont utilis\u00e9 la bicyclette aux Pays-Bas, et des syst\u00e8mes au sol et en altitude pour la Gr\u00e8ce. Ces \u00e9tudes s'inscrivent dans une initiative plus large visant \u00e0 comprendre l'\u00e9l\u00e9vation des temp\u00e9ratures dans les villes\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Climat&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Climat","link":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/sujets\/climat\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1249","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1249"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1249\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/528"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1249"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1249"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.laterredufutur.com\/accueil\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1249"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}